As the availability of COVID-19 tests dwindle across Canada, another option to detect the virus in the form of a furry friend may be the next best thing.
Multiple studies show that dogs can be more effective, faster and potentially less expensive than the current tests on the market.
The research has grown since 2020, with University of California Santa Barbara professor Tommy Dickey finding the collective research shows trained scent dogs are “as effective and often more effective” than both the rapid antigen tests many people keep in their homes, and even the PCR tests deployed at clinics and hospitals.
But even with studies showing their effectiveness, COVID-19-detecting dogs are deployed only in certain jurisdictions in various countries.
One such place is the Canines for Care program at Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH), which started looking into the possibility of training dogs to detect COVID-19 in early 2021.
Dr. Marthe Charles, division head of medical microbiology and infection prevention and control at VCH, said the idea stemmed from the early reliance on laboratory testing.
“I think there was a will from public health at the time and also from the various levels of government to try to find a way that was fast, accurate and non-invasive to be able to detect and train as many people as possible,” Charles told Global News in an interview.
Three dogs — two Labrador retrievers and an English springer spaniel — were brought in for training. The dogs were exposed to items such as masks that were worn by patients either negative or positive for the virus. This trained the dogs to recognize what is and is not COVID-19.
Charles said the dogs were trained since being puppies to associate the scent of COVID-19 with food and were rewarded each time they correctly detected a positive case of the virus.
“So from early on in their lives, they’ve associated the scent of a case of COVID to a rewarding scent,” she explained.
This reward method is not just used by VCM. It was also used with a group of dogs sourced in early 2021 for a French study, trained at detection using toys — usually tennis balls — as rewards.
Dr. Carla Simon, owner of Hunter’s Heart Scent Detection Canines in Calgary, said this method of training dogs is common. By using rewards, it can help motivate them to find the scent.
“We would pair, let’s say, the sweat samples with COVID, with their reward, and they notice that every time they find their reward, there’s that special smell,” she explained. “We just have to make it rewarding for the dog.”
She added, however, that the dog chooses the reward so trainers can ensure the canines “show up every day and want to do their job.”
Earlier this month, Dickey along with Heather Junqueira of BioScent, Inc. gathered several peer-reviewed studies into a review that was published in the Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. Dickey said the number of peer-reviewed studies over the past few years went from four to 29, incorporating the work of more than 400 scientists from more than 30 countries and 31,000 samples.
The review noted the effectiveness of dogs’ ability to detect COVID-19 comes down to their noses.
“The nose is not like humans,” Simon said. “It’s massively different, orders of magnitude different, and they can detect things without us being able to smell them.”
Humans have about five to six million olfactory receptors in their noses, while dogs have hundreds of millions. One-third of their brain is devoted to the interpretation of smell — something only five per cent of a human’s brain is committed to, according to Dickey’s review.
The study found dogs’ noses may even be able to detect pre-symptomatic COVID-19 cases, or even those who will develop symptoms later.
Dickey told us in an interview that this could help limit or stop the virus from spreading.
“The longer the wait is between your test and your result, that’s a latent period,” he said. “During that time you’re running around spreading COVID and you don’t know it. The dogs with a direct sniff will be done in seconds.”
Many of the studies conducted, including the work at VCH through the Canine for Care program, have shown dogs’ ability to detect the disease correctly with a success rate of more than 90 per cent. Additionally, the studies also showed a high speed at which the dogs could identify cases. In one study in Thailand, researchers reported the dogs had gone through thousands of samples in just a few weeks.
“The dogs take only one to two seconds to detect the virus per sample. Once they detect a patient, they will sit down,” said Chulalongkorn University professor Kaywalee Chatdarong, who led the 2021 project. “This takes only one to two seconds. Within one minute, they can manage to go through 60 samples.”
Even though the research suggested deploying scent-detection dogs could also be less expensive than rapid or PCR tests, Charles cautioned the logistics that go into training the dog is where it becomes “more prohibitive.”
In VCH’s case, training of the dogs included the medical microbiology lab to provide samples for use, working with infection prevention teams and control nurses, and if a dog identifies an area of concern, cleaning services may need to be utilized. And when it comes to rolling out testing using the dogs, enough staffing is needed for mass screening.
Despite this, while Charles says deploying the dogs widely could be difficult due to staffing and training, they are still one of several tools that can be used in COVID-19 detection.
“I think the way to see those dogs from my perspective is really like another tool in the toolbox and trying to prevent further transmission of pathogen of concern,” she said.
Dickey and Junqueira say dogs should have a place in “serious diagnostic methodology” including in helping should the world face a future pandemic.
A Pup’s Party of One: A Story of a Forgotten Birthday Bash.
In the world of our beloved pets, birthdays hold a special significance. It’s not just another day on the calendar, but rather a momentous occasion when love and affection abound, and tails wag with boundless excitement. Nevertheless, there’s a unique tale of a dog who has realized that sometimes, birthdays can be a lonely affair, even for our four-legged companions
As the sun peeked over the horizon, a small furry friend with a wistful gaze welcomed the day. It was the dog’s special day, one that typically brings merriment, well-wishes, and a delectable cake decorated with glowing candles for humans. However, the dog noticed something peculiar – nobody seemed to remember. The hours ticked by, and the dog’s heart sank deeper into solitude, yearning for a pat on the head or a jubilant chorus of “Happy Birthday.” But alas, the silence remained. As the day progressed, the dog’s mind raced with questions, “Am I not significant? Does no one care?”
The dog’s heart felt heavy due to the absence of well-wishes from family and friends. It did not receive any cheerful phone calls, cards, messages, or even a simple text with a “Happy Birthday” message. As a result, the dog felt unimportant and forgotten. Despite this, the dog found comfort in the presence of its human. The familiar scent and reassuring presence of the person who had always been a source of love and support brought solace to the dog. In the absence of external celebrations, the dog sought joy in simple pleasures such as a gentle pat or a favorite treat.
However, the day lacked the festive atmosphere that is typical of birthdays. There were no balloons, streamers, singing, or laughter. The dog particularly missed having a birthday cake, a symbol of celebration and a treat that signifies a special day for both dogs and humans. The absence of the sweet, fluffy delight left a void in the dog’s heart.
Nevertheless, the dog found comfort in the furry companion by its side. Although equally uninterested in fanfare, the furry friend was content to share the solitude without judgment or disappointment. To this canine companion, the dog was simply a friend, perhaps feeling a little downcast but a friend nonetheless.
As the dog was alone, it began to contemplate the true meaning of birthdays. It realized that it had been placing too much importance on external validation and grand gestures. Birthdays were about more than just celebration; they were about connection, love, and being in each other’s company. The dog came to a realization that it was not unimportant or unloved, but instead valued for the everyday moments spent with its human and furry companion. This newfound appreciation filled the dog with gratitude for the companionship it had, instead of focusing on what it didn’t have on that particular day. As the day came to an end, the dog found comfort in the embrace of its human and the warmth of its furry friend. Although the day was not marked by extravagant celebrations, it was filled with simple togetherness and the profound understanding that significance was not measured by grand gestures, but by the bonds we create and cherish every day. This valuable lesson was learned on a quiet, uncelebrated birthday, shared with those who truly mattered.
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